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RHIZOPUS|stolonifer":
22 articles found in Index.
PARVEEN S., WANI A.H., BHAT M.Y., PALA S.A. (2018): Comparative study of the antimycotic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Berberis lyceum and Rumex obtusifolius against selected rot fungi. [plant extracts, phytochemicals, antimycotic effectiveness, minimum inhibitory concentration, inhibition zone] Czech Mycology 70(1): 47-56 (published: 16th March, 2018)
abstract
Two medicinal plants, Berberis lyceum and Rumex obtusifolius, were screened for the presence of various phytochemicals and for their antifungal activity. The phytochemical tests carried out in the present study demonstrated the presence of phenols, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, quinones and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Therefore, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of these medicinal plants were evaluated for their antifungal activity against Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum and Trichothecium roseum, using the agar well diffusion method. All the plant extracts at different concentrations showed significant antifungal activity against the tested fungi. Of the two plant extracts, B. lyceum showed stronger antifungal activity than R. obtusifolius. Ethanolic extracts of both plants showed stronger mycelial growth inhibition than aqueous extracts. The ethanolic extracts of B. lyceum showed the strongest antifungal activity against Penicillium chrysogenum (inhibition zone diameter of 41 mm) followed by the ethanolic extracts of R. obtusifolius against P. chrysogenum (inhibition zone diameter 39 mm). Hence, it is concluded that these medicinal plants have a broad-spectrum antifungal activity and are a potential alternative to reduce various fungal pathogens.
MOUBASHER A.H., ABDEL-SATER M.A., SOLIMAN Z.S.M. (2018): Diversity of yeasts and filamentous fungi in mud from hypersaline and freshwater bodies in Egypt. [fungal diversity, alkalinity, Wadi El-Natrun, lakes, Ibrahimia Canal, River Nile, molecular characterisation, ITS] Czech Mycology 70(1): 1-32 (published: 26th January, 2018)
abstract
The diversity of yeasts and filamentous fungi in muds from hypersaline alkaline lakes of Wadi ElNatrun and fresh water of the Nile River and Ibrahimia Canal was evaluated. The mean pH of saline water mud was 9.21, but fresh water mud registered 8.07. A total of 193 species (two varieties were distinguished in two of them) belonging to 67 genera were recovered from both muds investigated on DRBC (55 genera, 164 species), DG18 (36 genera, 117 species) and MY50G (23 genera, 76 species) media. From these, 17 species assigned to 12 genera were yeasts and 176 species and 2 varieties assigned to 55 genera were filamentous fungi. The highest numbers of fungal propagules were recovered on DRBC from freshwater mud, while the lowest on MY50G from saline water mud. Yeasts constituted a small proportion of all propagules from the two mud types on all three media, whereas filamentous fungi were the major component. However, freshwater mud samples yielded higher numbers of yeast genera and species using all three media. Candida was common in freshwater mud and rare in saline water mud, while Meyerozyma and Rhodotorula were infrequent in both muds. The remaining yeast species were recovered from freshwater mud only. Aspergillus (46 species) was the most common genus of filamentous fungi encountered in all samples, ranging in frequency from 39.82% to 96.62%; A. terreus, A. flavipes and A. niger dominated in both types of mud. Cladosporium (9 species), Fusarium (8 species), Penicillium (18 species) and Scopulariopsis (7 species) were encountered in both types of mud. Notably, 47 filamentous species were isolated only on the media with lower water activity (DG18, MY50G).
PARVEEN S., WANI A.H., BHAT M.Y., KOKA J.A. (2016): Biological control of postharvest fungal rots of rosaceous fruits using microbial antagonists and plant extracts - a review. [biological control, postharvest diseases, microbial pesticides, rosaceous fruits] Czech Mycology 68(1): 41-66 (published: 1st February, 2016)
abstract
This article aims to give a comprehensive review on the use of microbial antagonists (fungi and bacteria), botanicals and compost extracts as biocontrol agents against different pathogenic fungi causing postharvest fungal rots in rosaceous fruits which shows that they can play an important role in the biomanagement of fungi causing rot diseases. Plant extracts reported in the literature against pathogenic fungi indicate that they can act as a good biological resource for producing safe biofungicides. However most of the work has been done under experimental conditions rather than field conditions. There is still a need for research to develop suitable formulations of biofungicides from these microbial biocontrol agents and plant extracts. The review reveals that extensive ecological research is also required in order to achieve optimum utilisation of biological resources to manage various postharvest diseases of fruits.
ABDEL-HAFEZ S.I.I., ABO-ELYOUSR K.A.M., ABDEL-RAHIM I.R. (2015): Leaf surface and endophytic fungi associated with onion leaves and their antagonistic activity against Alternaria porri. [phyllosphere, phylloplane, endophytes, purple blotch disease, antagonism] Czech Mycology 67(1): 1-22 (published: 10th April, 2015)
abstract
Sixty-eight fungal species belonging to 29 genera were isolated as leaf surface and endophytic fungi from healthy and purple blotch diseased onion leaves. The fungal populations associated with diseased onion leaves (1.360 × 103 CFU/g leaf in the phyllosphere, 2.614 CFU/leaf segment in the phylloplane and 1.324 CFU/leaf segment in the surface-sterilised diseased leaves) were higher than those in healthy samples (0.804 × 103 CFU in the phyllosphere, 1.184 CFU in the phylloplane, and 0.35 CFU as endophytes). Endophytic fungi of healthy leaves were represented by 12 genera and 15 species, while fungi of surface-sterilised diseased leaves included 17 species from 13 genera. The mycobiota associated with surface-sterilised diseased leaves were different from the endophytic fungi of healthy samples, whereas the disease may stimulate colonisation of opportunistic fungi causing secondary infections such as Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium spp. In contrast, healthy leaves were a source of antagonistic endophytic fungi such as Trichoderma harzianum and T. koningii. Testing the antagonistic effect of 91 fungal isolates against Alternaria porri showed that nine isolates of Trichoderma produced the highest suppressive potential (73.1%) depending on competition and mycoparasitism. Epicoccum nigrum and Penicillium oxalicum exhibited antibiosis against A. porri producing a 12 mm broad inhibition zone. In conclusion, the quantitative and qualitative compositions of fungi associated with onion leaves were distinctly influenced by A. porri infection. Mycobiota associated with asymptomatic onion leaves such as Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma harzianum are a natural source of eco-friendly bioagents. They showed an effective antagonistic potential against A. porri, and may thus be applied as an alternative to fungicides.
ABDULLAH S.K., MONFORT E., ASENSIO L., SALINAS J., LOPEZ LLORCA L.V., JANSSON H.B. (2010): Soil mycobiota of date palm plantations in Elche, SE Spain. [soil saprotrophic fungi, phytopathogenic fungi, Phoenix dactylifera, isolation methods] Czech Mycology 61(2): 149-162 (published: 10th August, 2010)
abstract
The mycobiota of soil from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) plantations in Elche, SE Spain was examined using 23 soil samples and five isolation methods. One hundred and nineteen species assigned to 67 genera were isolated. The most frequent species were in decreasing order: Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Neosartorya spinosa, Thielaviopsis punctulata, Chaetomium bostrychodes, Gilmaniella macrospora, Aspergillus candidus, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus microsporus, Sordaria fimicola, Aspergillus terreus, Chaetomium murorum, Fusarium solani, Mucor racemosus, Penicillium citrinum and Thielaviopsis paradoxa. The thermotolerant and thermophilic species of Malbranchea cinnamomea, Myriococcum thermophilum, Rhizomucor miehei, Scytalidium thermophilum, Talaromyces emersonii, Thermoascus aurantiacus and Thermomyces lanuginosus were detected in various frequencies of occurrence. Our findings are compared with those from a similar survey of soil from date palm plantations in Iraq. Our study indicates that there is no characteristic mycobiota for soil in date palm plantations except for the more frequent isolation of some species well known as pathogens on date palm.
ISMAIL M.A., TALIGOOLA H.K., NAKAMYA R. (2008): Mycobiota associated with baby food products imported into Uganda with special reference to aflatoxigenic aspergilli and aflatoxins. [mycobiota, aflatoxigenic aspergilli, aflatoxins, imported baby foods] Czech Mycology 60(1): 75-89 (published: 4th July, 2008)
abstract
Five baby food products imported into Uganda were collected from different shops and investigated for contamination by fungi and aflatoxins. Forty-two species belonging to 21 genera in addition to some unidentified fungi were recovered on dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar. Cornflakes followed by Cerelac were the most heavily contaminated products while Heinz mixed cereal was the least. Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Fusarium tricinctum and Penicillium oxalicum were the most predominant fungi. On the other hand, using Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus agar, 34 % of the samples were positive for aflatoxigenic aspergilli. Aflatoxigenic aspergilli constituted 78.8 % of all aspergilli and 4.9 % of all contaminating fungi. Samples from all products were contaminated with aflatoxigenic aspergilli, but samples of Cerelac were the most, while those of Porridge oats were the least. Aflatoxin analysis of food samples revealed that 9 out of 13 analysed samples were contaminated with aflatoxins in the range of 1–10 ppb (6 samples) and 11–20 ppb (3 samples). Only samples of Cerelac were aflatoxin–free, although aflatoxigenic aspergilli were detected in some samples. It was noted that samples of Cerelac had the least moisture content compared to the other products. Contaminated foods constitute a health hazard to human consumption. These foods, especially those for babies, must therefore be examined at regular intervals in order to assess their hygienic quality.
REMEŠOVÁ J., KOLAŘÍK M., PRÁŠIL K. (2007): Microfungi on the kernels of transgenic and non-transgenic maize damaged by the European corn borer. [Bt-maize, microfungi, plant protection, European corn borer, Zea mays] Czech Mycology 59(2): 205-213 (published: 28th December, 2007)
abstract
From 2002–2004 isolations were carried out to determine the kinds and abundance of microfungi from non-transgenic maize kernels damaged by the European corn borer (ECB) and from transgenic Bt-maize (enriched with delta-endotoxin from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis). Bt-maize and non-transgenic maize (Zea mays) were grown at Praha-Ruzyně and Ivanovice na Hané, Czech Republic. Thirty-one taxa of filamentous microfungi were isolated, including eight zygomycetes and twenty-three ascomycetes (anamorphic stage). Presence of ECB, corn treatment, year, locality and isolation method significantly accounted for differences in fungus communities. Bt-maize was significantly different from the treatments with non-transgenic hybrids and was often associated with the potentially toxinogenic fungi Alternaria alternata and Epicoccum nigrum. Conversely, Bt-maize had lower incidences of Fusarium spp. and Acremonium strictum.
LYSKOVÁ P. (2007): Saprotrophic microscopic fungi and dermatophytes accompanying infections of the skin and nails of patients in the Moravian-Silesian Region (Czech Republic). [saprotrophic microscopic fungi, dermatophytes, superficial mycose, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis] Czech Mycology 59(1): 125-137 (published: 28th June, 2007)
abstract
Over a 19-month period, the spectrum of saprotrophic microscopic fungi isolated from 245 patients in the Moravian-Silesian Region (Czech Republic) was analysed. Saprotrophic microscopic fungi were isolated from nails (90 %) and skin (10 %). None was isolated from hair. The material was the most frequently positive for the presence of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (32.6 %) followed by Cladosporium sphaerospermum (5.3 %), Aspergillus versicolor (4.0 %), Geomyces pannorum (4.0 %) and others.Dermatophytes and saprotrophic microscopic fungi were both studied within one year and represented 1110 isolates. Dermatophytes were isolated in most of the cases and represented 943 isolations (85 %). The saprotrophic microscopic fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis is a known causative agent of onychomycosis. In the evaluation including dermatophytes it ended in the 3rd position with 5.2 % of isolations behind Trichophyton rubrum (80 %) and T. mentagrophytes (8 %).
HASHEM M. (2004): Biological control of two phytopathogenic fungal species isolated from the rhizoplane of soybean (Glycine max). [biological control, soybean, Macrophominaphaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani] Czech Mycology 56(3-4): 223-238 (published: 22nd December, 2004)
abstract
Two hundred isolates representing 31 fungal species (20 genera) were recovered from soybean roots. Samples were collected from 12 localities at 3 different growth stages of the crop. The most dominant species were Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani (Nectria haematococca), Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani. Pathogenicity tests have proved the ability of Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani to infect soybean roots and produce the symptoms of damping-off and root-rot diseases.The efficacy of three antagonists (Trichodermaharzianum, Epicoccum nigrum and Paecilomyceslilacinus) as well as two organic compounds (Strom and F-760) was evaluated as to their control of pathogenic fungi . Biocontrol fungi significantly suppressed Macrophominaphaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro and in vivo. Epicoccum nigrum and Paecilomyces lilacinus suppressed the growth of the pathogens by producing an inhibition zone while Trichoderma harzianum suppressed them by overgrowing. Strom and F-760 showed lower reduction effect of diseases in comparison with the antagonists.
UDAYA PRAKASH N.K., VITTAL B.P.R. (2003): Aerometric study on thermophilous fungi in a farm house, Chennai. [airborne fungi, Andersen 2-stagesampler, occupational environment, respirable fraction, India] Czech Mycology 55(3-4): 253-259 (published: 22nd December, 2003)
abstract
A survey on airborne thermophilous fungi at a farmhouse in Chennai, India was made using an Andersen 2-stage viable sampler for the period from January 1997 to December 1997 at fortnight intervals. A total of 582 colonies belonging to 17 species were recorded. The species Emericella nidulans was dominant with an average of 60.2 CFU/m³ of air followed by Aspergillus fumigatus and Thermomyces lanuginosus with 34.7 CFU/m³ of air and 32.2 CFU/m³ of air, respectively. The total respirable fraction recorded was 58.4 %.
NOVÁKOVÁ A., PIŽL V. (2003): Mycoflora in the intestine of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and in vermiculture substrates. [cattle manure, saprotrophic and cellulolytic microfungi, earthworms] Czech Mycology 55(1-2): 83-102 (published: 23rd July, 2003)
abstract
Mycoflora of three commercial vermiculture systems based on cattle manure derived sub strates and Eisenia andrei earthworms was studied using several isolation methods. A total of 172 taxa of saprotrophic micromycetes were isolated (19 taxa of Zygomycetes, 9 taxa of Ascomycetes and 144 taxa of mitosporic fungi). Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequent microfungal species in the intestine of Eisenia andrei. In vermicuture substrates, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus were among species isolated very frequently by the soil dilution method, while Rhizopus stolonifer was estimated as frequent species using the soil washing isolation technique.
GHERBAWY Y.A.M.H., PRILLINGER H. (2000): Root mycoflora of pepper (Capsicum annuum) antagonistic to Verticillium dahliae. [Frequency of root fungi, Verticillium dahliae, Chaetomium globosum, Gliocladium roseum, Myrothecium verrucaria, Trichoderma harzianum, pepper seed germination] Czech Mycology 52(3): 219-226 (published: 7th December, 2000)
abstract
Thirty-two species belonging to 19 genera of fungi were collected from 30 soil samples from the rhizosphere of pepper plants. The fungal colonies were characterised using classical morphological methods following identification keys. The most frequently isolated fungi were Chaetomiumglobosum, Fusarium oxysporum, Gliocladium roseum, Mucor racemosus, Myrothecium verrucaria, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. expansum and Trichoderma harzianum. The crude culture filtrate of Verticillium dahliae at 100% concentration caused sharp decrease in pepper seed germination. Chaetomium globosum, Gliocladium roseum, Myrothecium verrucaria, and Trichoderma harzianum produced a metabolite that retarded radial growth of Verticillium dahliae.
HASAN H.A.H. (2000): Fungal association and deterioration of Oil-type Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed during storage. [safflower, mycoflora, mycotoxin, oil, protein, sugars, enzymes, germination] Czech Mycology 52(2): 125-137 (published: 20th April, 2000)
abstract
Different fungal species viz. Aspergillus Jiavus, A. Jumigalus, A. niger, A. sydowii, Emericella nidulans, Mucorcircinelloides and Pénicillium chrysogenum were isolated from commercial safflower seeds. The total number of fungi increased with raising the moisture content of the seeds from 15 to 25 % and reached a maximum level after 3 months of storage. Aspergillus was the dominant genus at 25°C. However, Pénicillium was dominant at 10°C. Germination of seeds significantly decreased with increasing moisture content and length of storage. Where no germination in seed at 25 % moisture content was observed after 5 months of storage at v-â 25°C, there was a perceptible increase in freefatty acidscontent, especially at high moisture and temperatures. This increase in free fatty acids positively correlated with the infestation of seeds by P. chrysogenum at 10°C, and A. flavus and A. niger at 25°C. In artificially inoculated seeds (25 % moisture content) by A. Jiavus, aflatoxin production reached their maximum level after I month and then decreased. Seed deterioration was accompanied by a corresponding rise in free fatty acids, free amino acids and soluble protein. The high levels of autolytic enzymes (amylase, cellulase, lipase and protease) detected in seed fungi clearly indicate the important role of these enzymes in seed deterioration. Also, the carcurnin and turmerol oils of safflower promoted the growth and lipase activity of A. Jiavus. Thus, the oils encourage seed infestation and did not make the safflower safe from deterioration.
GHERBAWY Y.A.M.H., ABDELZAHER H.M.A. (1999): Isolation of fungi from tomato rhizosphere and evaluation of the effect of some fungicides and biological agents on the production of cellulase enzymes by Nectria haematococca and Pythium ultimum var. ultimum. [Biologicalcontrol, root-rot, fungicides Nectria haematococca, Pythium ultimum var. ultimum] Czech Mycology 51(2-3): 157-170 (published: 25th May, 1999)
abstract
Forty-five species and two species varieties belonging to twenty-six genera of fungi were isolated from 30 soil samples from the rhizosphere of tomato plants.The fungi most frequently isolated were Aspergillus jlavus, A.fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Gibberella fujikuroi, Nectria haematococca and Rhizopus stolonifer. Ridomil and Vitavax-captan (10, 50 and 100ppm) had no significant effects on the activity of Cl and Cₓ enzymes of Nectria haematococca. Cₓ enzyme activity was slightly increased at 10 and 50ppm, but slightly decreased at 100ppm. Vitavax-captan (10, 50 and 100ppm) significantly decreased Cl enzyme activities of N. haematococca. Cₓ enzyme activity was slightly increased at 10 and 50ppm, but at 100 ppm it showed a slightly inhibitory effect. Ridomil caused a slight increase in the activity of Cₓ and Cl enzymes by Pythium ultimum var. ultimum at low and moderate doses but the highest dose of Ridomil caused a slight reduction. Vitavax-captan slightly increased the activity of Cₓ and Cl enzymes in P. ultimum var. ultimum. Normal and sterilised filtrates of Myrothecium verrucaria, Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma harzianum induceda small decrease in Cl enzyme activity of Nectria haematococca. The sterilised filtrates of the three fungi tested caused greater inhibition compared to the normal filtrate.The production of Cₓ enzyme was slightly increased with normal and sterilised filtrates of Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma harzianum, but was significantly increased by both types of filtrates of Myrothecium verrucaria. The two types of filtrate of all fungi tested did not significantly affect the activity of Cl and Cₓ enzymes by lithium ultimum var. ultimum. Production of extracellular protein by Nectria haematococca was not significantly affected by any dose of the tested fungi cides. It was slightly increased by the two types of filtrate of the three tested fungi but significantly increased by the normal filtrate of Myrothecium verrucaria. The normal filtrate of all the fungi tested enhanced extracellular protein production to a greater extent than the sterilised filtrate. Extracellular proteins of Pythium ultimum var. ultimum were slightly increased by all doses of Vitavax-captan and low doses only of Ridomil, also two types of filtrate of all tested fungi caused a slightly increasing effect.
NASSER L., ABDEL-SATER M.A. (1997): Fungi associated with sheep hairs in Saudi Arabia. [Keratinophilic, non-keratinophilic fungi, sheep hairs] Czech Mycology 50(2): 99-106 (published: 16th December, 1997)
abstract
The frequency of occurrence of fungi in 25 hair samples of nine kinds of sheep, collected from different localities in Saudi Arabia, was estimated using three isolation methods at 28°C. Fortyfive species and one variety representing 23 genera were isolated and the most common genera were Chrysosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium. The most prevalent species of the above genera were C. indicum, C. tropicum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum and P. oxalicum. Other fungi were also isolated with variable frequencies.
FASSATIOVÁ O. (1995): Micromycetes in archives and book depositories in the Czech Republic. [Micromycetes, archives, allergies, Czech Republic] Czech Mycology 48(1): 77-86 (published: 16th May, 1995)
abstract
Species representation of micromycetes and their frequency were studied in the period 1981-1988 in four archives in Prague and near Prague and in one depository in West Bohemia. Representants of genera Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaría, Aspergillus, Mucor and Rhizopus isolated by sediment plate method and from the surfaces of the archive depots were the most frequent in all observed spaces. The higher number of the most frequent species was always found in older and for the archive purposes less convenient buildings, while inside the new building the number of the most frequent species was very low. In suitable conditions only a limited number of species for which the given specific conditions are convenient, act as destructive. They are mostly penicillia which form coherent growing covers on the backs of the books and cartons. Spores of these fungi released by their growth contaminate the atmosphere of these spaces and can cause allergies in sensitive persons.
ŘEPOVÁ A. (1989): Soil micromycetes from Czechoslovakia-a list of isolated species with bibliography. III. Česká Mykologie 44(1): 35-50 (published: 22nd February, 1990)
NOVOTNÁ J. (1989): Mikroskopische pilze auf Zysten Globodera rostochiensis Wollenw. Česká Mykologie 43(2): 96-107 (published: 2nd May, 1989)
FASSATIOVÁ O., KUBÁTOVÁ A., PRÁŠIL K., VÁŇOVÁ M. (1987): Microscopical fungi in archive environment. Česká Mykologie 41(1): 8-15 (published: 16th February, 1987)
ŘEPOVÁ A. (1986): The occurrence of microscopic fungi in air of the building of the Czechoslovak Acadeny of Sciences in České Budějovice. Česká Mykologie 40(1): 19-29 (published: 7th February, 1986)
HUBÁLEK Z. (1981): A systematic survey of dimorphic and polymorphic fungi. Česká Mykologie 35(4): 209-226 (published: 1981)
FRAGNER P., HEJZLAR J., RUBEŠ M. (1979): Otomycoses and mycoflora of otitides. Česká Mykologie 33(4): 229-236 (published: 1979)
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