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HOLEC J., VAMPOLA P., ZÍBAROVÁ L., KUČERA T. (2026): Wigry National Park in Poland: a lowland shaped by a former continental glacier is a refugium for rare lignicolous fungi. [wood-inhabiting fungi, polypores, corticioids, vegetation, ecology, natural habitats, northeastern Poland.] Czech Mycology 78(2): 137-156 (published: 22nd July, 2026)
abstract
The article summarises records of wood-inhabiting macrofungi from a week-long research trip to Wigry National Park and Suwałki Landscape Park in Poland, a lowland landscape significantly modelled by former continental glacier and sedimentary-erosive activity of subglacial waters. A total of 41 species of macromycetes are published, 33 of which are not listed in the latest summary work on the fungi of Wigry National Park. Some very rare species were recorded, e.g. Erastia ochraceolateritia, the most valuable ones including those having a montane-boreal distribution character, e.g. Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum, Phlebia serialis, and Skeletocutis biguttulata. The most valuable localities included the strictly protected natural forests with a long continuity of development, hosting species such as Amylocorticium subincarnatum, Crustoderma dryinum, Hermanssonia centrifuga, Jacksonomyces subulatus, Pycnoporellus fulgens, and Rhodofomes roseus, as well as remnants of natural stands around lakes and on steep slopes of moraines, where, in addition to some of the already mentioned species, also e.g. Porotheleum fimbriatum was found. Detailed information about the records is provided for all species and notes on taxonomy, ecology, and distribution in Poland and Europe are added for rare fungi and species associated with natural habitats.
HOLEC J., VAMPOLA P., ZÍBAROVÁ L., TOMŠOVSKÝ M. (2026): Rare polypore Obba rivulosa (Fungi, Basidiomycota) found for the first time in the Czech Republic – on charred wood after a big fire near Hřensko. [Gelatoporiaceae, Czech Switzerland National Park, ITS DNA, ecology, succession, burnt conifer wood.] Czech Mycology 78(1): 23-37 (published: 30th April, 2026)
abstract
Three years after a large-scale fire in the Bohemian Switzerland National Park (Czech Republic), the rare species Obba rivulosa was found at three locations. Its basidiomata grew on burnt stumps of Picea abies and on a fallen, charred trunk of Pinus sylvestris. The macromorphological and micromorphological characters of the found basidiomata are briefly summarised. The obtained ITS barcode fits the European subpopulation, which may represent a cryptic species. Habitats of the finds are described and discussed in detail. The occurrence of O. rivulosa on burnt wood is reported in the literature, but its connection to this substrate may be stronger than previously expected. This is evidenced by the fact that during the long history of intensive research on polypores in the Czech Republic, the species had never been recorded, while it recently suddenly appeared at three burnt sites within one year.
HOLEC J., BĚŤÁK J., DVOŘÁK D., KŘÍŽ M., BERAN M., MATOUŠ J., KOLÉNYOVÁ M., KRZYŚCIAK-KOSIŃSKA R., KUČERA T. (2025): Report from a mycodiversity hotspot – macrofungi on decaying trunks of Norway spruce in the Białowieża virgin forest, Poland. [Picea abies, Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, diversity, ecology, old-growth forests, hemiboreal forest, Europe.] Czech Mycology 77(2): 121-154 (published: 10th November, 2025) Electronic supplement
abstract
All groups of macrofungi were monitored on 32 decaying trunks of Norway spruce in Białowieża National Park, Poland. Spruce is a declining keystone species there. By means of a fruitbody-based survey, we captured 272 species in total, with 11–63 species per trunk. We registered 59 species of the Polish Red list and 30 species unpublished from Białowieża National Park, especially ones with inconspicuous fruitbodies. Detailed monitoring proved to be an effective way to capture them. The species number on individual trunks was significantly correlated with decay stage, shrub cover above the fallen trunks and trunk diameter. The most species-rich trunks were those in decay stages II and III, simultaneously having the largest diameter and shrub cover. These had the highest diversity, some even in comparison with previously published data. The species composition significantly reflected the different decay stages, trunk contact with the soil, trunk diameter, and shrub cover. Increased shrub cover was accompanied by a rich occurrence of corticioids and small agarics, apparently supported by a humid microclimate under the canopy of young trees. A total of 48 species were classified as generally rare, preferring natural forests, or associated with boreal/montane ecosystems. The most interesting of them, e.g. Amylocystis lapponica, Antrodiella citrinella, Crustoderma dryinum, Fomitopsis rosea, and Steccherinum gracile, were mainly associated with trunks having less contact with the soil. The funga of dead spruce wood in the Białowieża forest is enormously rich. It is distinguished by the occurrence of some extremely rare species (Cyphelloporia bialoviesensis, Gloeocystidiellum sibiricum, Mucronella pulchra) and rare boreal or boreal-montane elements (Asterodon ferruginosus, Boreostereum radiatum, Ceriporiopsis jelicii, Dichostereum boreale, Pycnoporellus alboluteus, Tricholomopsis sulphureoides). To preserve this diversity, measures will be needed at both the global and local level.
SOUČEK J., HOLEC J., BOROVIČKA J., DVOŘÁK D., FORMAN P., HROUDA P., KOLAŘÍK M. (2025): A DNA-based checklist of the stipitate hydnoids (Bankeraceae s.l.) of Czechia. [Thelephorales, ITS, LSU, taxonomy, ecology, GlobalFungi, Czech Republic.] Czech Mycology 77(1): 37-88 (published: 24th June, 2025) Electronic supplement
abstract
Based on a long tradition of field research aimed at this group, stipitate hydnoid fungi belong to the best explored macromycetes in Czechia. However, following groundbreaking taxonomic changes emerging from recent molecular studies, previous knowledge of particular taxa and their features has been questioned. To resolve this issue, selected specimens of Czech hydnoids were sequenced to confirm their identity. Generally, the presence of 39 taxa of Boletopsis, Hydnellum, Phellodon, and Sarcodon in the Czech Republic was confirmed, including the recently described species Boletopsis mediterraneensis, Hydnellum bomiense, H. fagiscabrosum, H. rubidofuscum, Phellodon aquiloniniger, P. castaneoleucus, and two so far undescribed taxa of Boletopsis and Hydnellum, as well as the recently reported Hydnellum gracilipes, H. illudens, Phellodon secretus and Sarcodon quercinofibulatus. Ecological requirements of newly delimited species are specified based on collection data from Czech localities, and GlobalFungi data are presented to supplement the current knowledge of the global distribution of particular species. Taxonomic issues, identification limits in species complexes, ecology, and threats to the species are discussed in relevant cases. Several more species, documented from or probably present in Czechia but not sequenced yet, are commented as well.
KOUT J., MARTÍNEK O., HOLEC J., ZÍBAROVÁ L. (2024): New records of Pseudomerulius montanus (Basidiomycota, Boletales) in Czechia and Slovakia. [Leucogyrophana, Tapinellaceae, merulioid fungi, lignicolous fungi, brown rot.] Czech Mycology 76(1): 95-110 (published: 25th June, 2024)
abstract
This article presents the first records of Pseudomerulius montanus in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The species was found at colder localities in unmanaged forests. Basidiomata of Pseudomerulius montanus were found on dead wood of pine and spruce. Descriptions of its microscopic and macroscopic features are provided as well as a list of localities and notes on its ecology. Photographs of the macroscopic and microscopic features are included and differences from similar species are discussed.
HOLEC J., ZEHNÁLEK P. (2024): Noteworthy record of Gymnopilus stabilis (Fungi, Agaricales) from a burnt area after a great fire in Bohemian Switzerland National Park, Czech Republic. [Basidiomycota, Hymenogastraceae, morphology, ITS rDNA, taxonomy, ecology, distribution.] Czech Mycology 76(1): 83-94 (published: 14th June, 2024)
abstract
A new record of the rare agaric species Gymnopilus stabilis from the Czech Republic is described morphologically and genetically. The basidiomata show good agreement with the recently published epitype and diagnostic characters of the species. While the robustness of the basidiomata, the presence of a pink hue, and a distinct sweetish aromatic smell are typical characters, though not always present, the predominantly warm orange colour of adult pilei seems to be stable character. The combination of fleshy basidiomata and typical pileus colour distinguishes G. stabilis from G. penetrans/hybridus and G. decipiens, which are taxa sometimes confused with G. stabilis. Comparison of the nearest ITS rDNA sequences from GenBank confirmed the identity of our record and showed that the species is distributed not only in Europe and Siberia, but also in Pakistan and India. The ecological characterisation of G. stabilis is updated, showing that it is a saprotrophic species on dead wood of conifers, both Pinus and Picea, but also a facultative anthracophilous fungus able to grow on burnt wood and ash.
HOLEC J., DVOŘÁK D., ZÍBAROVÁ L., BERAN M., ZEHNÁLEK P., PEIGER M., KUNCA V. (2023): Mycena laevigata (Fungi, Agaricales) in the heart of Central Europe – a prominent species of old-growth forests. [Basidiomycota, distribution, ecology, naturalness, nature conservation, Czech Republic, Slovakia, ITS, taxonomy.] Czech Mycology 75(1): 35-52 (published: 4th May, 2023) Electronic supplement
abstract
The distribution and ecology of Mycena laevigata was evaluated in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. We collected data on records from 32 Czech and 32 Slovak localities, mostly from dead wood of spruce, but also fir and rarely pine. Mycena laevigata is a distinctly submontane to supramontane species with its distribution peak in the montane zone and rare occurrence in the subalpine zone. Preferred habitats are supramontane spruce forests, submontane/montane mixed forests (beech, spruce, fir) and submontane beech/fir forests. Several extrazonal habitats are known, namely waterlogged spruce forests, bog forests and ravine forests. Records of M. laevigata clearly dominate in old-growth forests under protection, which are rich in dead wood of spruce and/or fir, while records from managed forests are extremely rare. The species is able to fructify on wood of all decay stages, but most frequently at advanced stages, from May to November, with peaks in June and September. The prevailing occurrence in old-growth forests shows that the species requires not only presence of dead conifer wood in any cold and humid environment, but also some degree of habitat continuity, i.e. minor human impact on the forest ecosystem. The species can therefore be used as a good indicator of habitat preservation. Its taxonomic identity was verified molecularly using the ITS sequence from Czechia. Sequences of Asian samples are somewhat different from the European ones. Its distribution in Europe is summarised and its ecology in other parts of Europe discussed.
HOLEC J., KUNCA V., KŘÍŽ M., ZEHNÁLEK P. (2022): Cyphella digitalis (Fungi, Agaricales) – new data on ITS barcode, ecology and distribution in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. [Cyphellaceae, Abies alba, old-growth forests, substrate, phenology.] Czech Mycology 74(1): 77-92 (published: 22nd April, 2022) Electronic supplement
abstract
Records of Cyphella digitalis from the Czech Republic and Slovakia are summarised and discussed. ITS barcode of two collections was obtained to document their conspecificity with the only so far sequenced sample originating from the Alps. In the study area, C. digitalis is rare with ten localities known from the 20th century and nine recorded in the 21st century. They are situated in the Bohemian Forest and several mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Carpathians. The elevation range of the records is 525–1200 m a.s.l. All records are from Abies alba, mostly branches attached to freshly fallen trunks and sticking out into the air. Basidiomata occur in Fagus-Abies or Fagus-Abies-Picea forests from September to March with a peak in September–November. Most stands represent old-growth forests under protection. Ecology and distribution are discussed in a broad European context. The much lower number of records in the Czech Republic and Slovakia compared to more western countries could have, among other things, also biogeographical reasons, i.e. decrease in occurrence with increasing continentality to the east.
HOLEC J. (2021): Dentipratulum bialoviesense from Boubínský prales once again: first photographs of fresh basidiomata. [fruitbodies, morphology, colour.] Czech Mycology 73(2): 199-202 (published: 3rd November, 2021)
abstract
Basidiomata of Dentipratulum bialoviesense from Boubínský prales virgin forest in the Czech Republic were photographed in situ in August 2021. They represent the first photographs of the species in fresh state. They differ somewhat from images of dried basidiomata published in Czech Mycology in July 2021.
HOLEC J., ZEHNÁLEK P. (2021): Remarks on taxonomy and ecology of Dentipratulum bialoviesense based on records from Boubínský prales virgin forest in the Czech Republic. [Fungi, Basidiomycota, Russulales, Auriscalpiaceae, ITS rDNA, natural forests.] Czech Mycology 73(2): 121-135 (published: 1st July, 2021)
abstract
Two recent records of the rare fungus Dentipratulum bialoviesense from Boubínský prales virgin forest in the Czech Republic were documented morphologically and molecularly. One collection from the type locality, Białowieża virgin forest in Poland, was used for morphological comparison.The Boubínský prales collections agree with the Białowieża collection in macro- and micromorphological characters and ecology, namely their growth on decaying wood of Picea abies in natural forest. Simultaneously, Boubínský prales collections clearly differ in their ITS rDNA region from the only published Dentipratulum sequence based on a collection from France, originally identified as D. bialoviesense but currently representing a paratype of the recently described species D. crystallinum. Consequently, the Boubínský prales sequences most likely represent the first sequence data of D. bialoviesense. Notes on the taxonomy and ecology of D. bialoviesense and D. crystallinum are added, suggesting that the identity of all collections should be verified molecularly in future, especially those from wood of broadleaved trees in France. Photographs of dried basidiomata and key micromorphological characters of D. bialoviesense from Boubínský prales and Białowieża are provided.
HOLEC J., ZEHNÁLEK P. (2020): Taxonomy of Hohenbuehelia auriscalpium, H. abietina, H. josserandii, and one record of H. tremula. [fungi, morphology, DNA study, ecology, distribution, Europe.] Czech Mycology 72(2): 199-220 (published: 8th October, 2020)
abstract
The taxonomy of Hohenbuehelia auriscalpium (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Pleurotaceae) and its putative synonym H. abietina is evaluated based on material from natural forests in the Czech Republic and Ukraine. The rare species H. josserandii is described in detail based on rich collections from Boubínský prales virgin forest in the Czech Republic. All specimens were studied both morphologically and molecularly (ITS and 28S nrDNA, EF1-α). The recently published conclusion that H. auriscalpium and H. abietina are conspecific was confirmed. The species grows on wood of deciduous trees as well as conifers. The thickness of the gelatinous pileus layer and the presence or absence of pileocystidia proved to be taxonomically irrelevant. One collection from the studied dataset significantly deviates by its DNA sequences and may represent a separate taxon close to H. auriscalpium. Another collection originally identified as H. auriscalpium turned out to be H. tremula. A higher range of some morphological characters was found in H. josserandii as compared with published data. The species prefers wood of Abies alba, namely branches of trees which fell 2–3 years ago.
HOLEC J., BĚŤÁK J., DVOŘÁK D., KŘÍŽ M., KUCHAŘÍKOVÁ M., KRZYŚCIAK-KOSIŃSKA R., KUČERA T. (2019): Macrofungi on fallen oak trunks in the Białowieża Virgin Forest – ecological role of trunk parameters and surrounding vegetation. [lignicolous fungi, Quercus robur, Europe, fungal diversity, ecology, wood decay, trunk orientation, forest canopy gaps, heat load.] Czech Mycology 71(1): 65-89 (published: 18th June, 2019) Electronic supplement
abstract
All groups of macrofungi were recorded on 32 large fallen trunks of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) in various decay stages in the strictly protected zone of Białowieża National Park, Poland. The total number of species was 187 with 4–38 species per trunk. The mycobiota of individual trunks was unique, consisting of a variable set of several frequent species, a high number of infrequent to rare ones, and a considerable proportion of mycorrhizal fungi and species preferring conifer wood. Relations between trunk parameters, surrounding vegetation and fungal occurrences were analysed using multivariate statistical methods. The number of fungal species per trunk was significantly correlated with trunk orientation, which reflects the heat load via forest canopy gap, trunk size parameters, percentage of bark cover and contact with the soil. The species-richest trunks were those covered by bark, of larger volume (thick, long), not exposed to heat from afternoon sun, but, simultaneously, with lower canopy cover. Orientation (azimuth) of the fallen trunks proved to be significant also for the fungal species composition of a particular trunk, which also reflected trunk size characteristics, its moss/bark cover and contact with the soil. Presence of some dominants (Ganoderma applanatum, Mycena inclinata, Kretzschmaria deusta, Xylobolus frustulatus) had a significant effect on fungal community composition. Some herbs requiring nutrient-rich soils occurred in the vicinity of trunks with a larger contact area with the soil and in later stages of decay. The process of oak trunk decay in relation to fungi and surrounding vegetation is outlined.
JANDA V., KŘÍŽ M., HOLEC J. (2019): Addendum to the typification of Butyriboletus regius [epitype,lectotype,nomenclature,taxonomy,Czech Republic] Czech Mycology 71(1): 33-35 (published: 5th March, 2019)
abstract
An epitype is designated for Butyriboletus regius. The authors briefly explain this step.
HOLEC J., BĚŤÁK J., POUSKA V., DVOŘÁK D., ZÍBAROVÁ L., KOUT J., ADAM D. (2018): Old-growth forest fungus Antrodiella citrinella - distribution and ecology in the Czech Republic [macrofungi, polypore, habitats, substrates, phenology, indicator fungus, forest naturalness, Europe] Czech Mycology 70(2): 127-143 (published: 24th October, 2018) Electronic supplement
abstract
Localities and records of Antrodiella citrinella (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) in the Czech Republic are summarised and the ecology of the species is evaluated. The 31 localities are mostly situated in mountain regions, the highest number of records coming from elevations of 1200–1299 m.Less frequently, A. citrinella is found in highland regions, growing either on slopes of hills or on steep slopes and bottoms of deep river or stream valleys. Most records are from montane and supramontane spruce forests and submontane to montane mixed forests dominated by beech, spruce and fir. The fungus also occurs in waterlogged spruce forests and ravine forests. Most of the localities are protected as nature reserves or strictly protected zones of national parks. Picea abies is a preferred substrate, followed by Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, and basidiomata of Fomitopsis pinicola. Almost all records are from fallen trunks 10–100 cm in diameter, rarely stumps or pieces of wood. The wood decay stage is 2–5, its peak in stage 3. The main fructification period is autumn, mainly October and November, and spring from March to the first half of June with the maximum in May. Summer records are rare. A distribution map for the Czech Republic is published and data on occurrence in other European countries are compiled and discussed. The Czech distribution data are confronted with the GIS map layer of the Czech natural forests databank containing exact data on naturalness of forest stands. This analysis shows that A. citrinella clearly prefers virgin, natural and near-natural forest stands, i.e. old-growth forests, therefore it can be used as an indicator of this habitat.
MATOUŠ J., HOLEC J., KOUKOL O. (2017): Ramariopsis robusta (Basidiomycota, Clavariaceae), a new European species similar to R. kunzei. [ramarioid fungi, clavarioid fungi, taxonomy, phylogeny, 28S rDNA, Central Europe] Czech Mycology 69(1): 51-64 (published: 12th May, 2017)
abstract
The new species Ramariopsis robusta Matouš & Holec is described based on collections from the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The species is highly supported in a phylogenetic tree based on the 28S rDNA gene. Morphologically, it is distinguished by its robust and densely branched white to cream basidiomata often growing in fascicles, with wide, often flattened branches, and distinctly ornamented spores with up to 1.5 μm high spines. The most similar species R. kunzei differs by subtler, more sparsely branched basidiomata, lower spore ornamentation, smaller Q value and shorter basidia. The species is described in detail and figures showing its macro- and microcharacters are provided including SEM photographs of spores. Differences with the similar taxa R. kunzei (including its varieties), R. atlantica, R. bispora, R. tenuiramosa, R. biformis, R. rufipes and Clavaria lentofragilis are outlined. Ramariopsis atlantica is newly documented from Panama.
HOLEC J., KOLAŘÍK M. (2017): First report of Mycena clavata (Fungi, Agaricales) in the Czech Republic including notes on its taxonomy, phylogenetic position and ecology. [Europe, Boubínský prales virgin forest, Bohemian Forest, ITS-LSU rDNA sequences, Phloeomana] Czech Mycology 69(1): 1-14 (published: 19th January, 2017)
abstract
The rare gilled fungus Mycena clavata is reported from the Czech Republic for the first time. It was found on large fallen trunks of Picea abies in Boubínský prales virgin forest, the best preserved montane old-growth forest in the country. The basidiomata occurred in the lower half of the trunks, either on their upper or lateral sides, on bark covered by mosses, on bare bark, or directly on wood covered by mosses, in wet times of the year. Descriptions and photographs of macro- and microcharacters are provided and data on the distribution and ecology of M. clavata are summarised. The species was sequenced for the first time. ITS-LSU rDNA sequences confirmed the species’ distinct position and showed that M. clavata belongs to a moderately supported clade consisting of various Mycena and Hemimycena species, some of them recently transferred to the vaguely delimited genus Phloeomana.
ADAMČÍK S., AUDE E., BÄSSLER C., CHRISTENSEN M., DORT K.VAN, FRITZ Ö., GLEJDURA S., HEILMANN-CLAUSEN J., HOLEC J., JANČOVIČOVÁ S., KUNCA V., LACKOVIČOVÁ A., LÜTH M., ÓDOR P. (2016): Fungi and lichens recorded during the Cryptogam Symposium on Natural Beech Forests, Slovakia 2011. [old-growth beech forests, diversity, conservation, indicator, red-list, Europe] Czech Mycology 68(1): 1-40 (published: 1st February, 2016)
abstract
In September 2011, an international team of cryptogam experts visited seven national nature reserves in five mountain areas of Slovakia: Havešová and Stužica in the Poloniny Mts., Vihorlat in the Vihorlatské vrchy Mts., Oblík in the Slanské vrchy Mts., Dobročský prales and Klenovský Vepor in the Veporské vrchy Mts. and Badínsky prales in the Kremnické vrchy Mts. The reserves were selected to represent examples of the best protected old-growth beech forests in the country. The aim was to study the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi on fallen beech logs and epiphytic lichens on standing beech trees. In total, 215 fungal species and 128 lichens were recorded on beech wood and bark, and 27 fungi and 26 lichens on additional substrates. The site of the highest conservation value is Stužica with 126 fungi and 79 lichens recorded on beech, of which 12 fungi and 19 lichens are indicators of high nature conservation value. Combined with historical records, a total of 19 non-lichenised fungal indicators are now reported from the site, making it the highest ranked natural beech forest in Europe. The second most important reserve for fungal diversity is Havešová with 121 species, including 14 indicator species recorded on beech wood. For lichens, the second most important reserve is Klenovský Vepor with 69 species including 18 lichen indicators recorded on beech. Nine fungus species are here reported as new to Slovakia: Asterostroma medium, Entoloma hispidulum, E. pseudoparasiticum, Gloeohypochnicium analogum, Hohenbuehelia valesiaca, Hymenochaete ulmicola, Hypocrea parmastoi, Melanomma spiniferum and Scutellinia colensoi. Lichen species Alyxoria ochrocheila is reported as new to Slovakia and Lecanographa amylacea, which was considered extinct in the Slovak Red list, was also recorded. This is the first list of wood-inhabiting fungi and epiphytic lichens of old-growth beech forests in Slovakia, and hence an important contribution to the exploration of biodiversity in Slovakia.
HOLEC J., KŘÍŽ M., POUZAR Z., ŠANDOVÁ M. (2015): Boubínský prales virgin forest, a Central European refugium of boreal-montane and old-growth forest fungi. [Mt. Boubín, Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic, Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, diversity, ecology, distribution] Czech Mycology 67(2): 157-226 (published: 10th September, 2015)
abstract
Boubínský prales virgin forest is the best-preserved montane Picea-Fagus-Abies forest in the Czech Republic. Its core area (46.67 ha), grown with original montane forest never cut nor managed by foresters, has been protected since 1858. It represents the centre of the present-day nature reserve (685.87 ha). A detailed inventory of its fungal diversity was carried out in 2013–2014. Ten segments differing in habitat and naturalness were studied (235 ha). The total number of species was 659, with the centre of diversity in the core area (503 species) followed by the neighbouring segments grown by natural forests minimally influenced by man. When literature and herbarium data are added, the total diversity reaches a total of 792 taxa. The locality represents a unique refugium for some borealmontane fungi (e.g. Amylocystis lapponica, Laurilia sulcata, Pholiota subochracea), a high number of rare species preferring old-growth forests (Antrodia crassa, A. sitchensis, Baeospora myriadophylla, Chrysomphalina chrysophylla, Fomitopsis rosea, Ionomidotis irregularis, Junghuhnia collabens, Skeletocutis odora, S. stellae, Tatraea dumbirensis), wood-inhabiting and mycorrhizal fungi confined to Abies (Panellus violaceofulvus, Phellinus pouzarii, Pseudoplectania melaena, Lactarius albocarneus), and a high number of indicators of well-preserved Fagus forests (e.g.Climacodon septentrionalis, Flammulaster limulatus, Pholiota squarrosoides). Several very rare fungi are present, e.g. Chromosera cyanophylla, Cystoderma subvinaceum and Pseudorhizina sphaerospora. The value of the local mycobiota is further emphasised by the high number of protected and Red List species. Comparison with other Central European old-growth forests has confirmed that Boubínský prales is a mycological hotspot of European importance.
HOLEC J., KOLAŘÍK M. (2013): Notes on the identity of Hygrophoropsis rufa (Basidiomycota, Boletales). [Hygrophoropsidaceae, taxonomy, phylogeny, variability, Europe] Czech Mycology 65(1): 15-24 (published: 10th June, 2013)
abstract
The rare fungus Hygrophoropsis rufa is documented from the Czech Republic for the first time. Both classical and DNA study results have proved that H. rufa is a good species, clearly separated from H. aurantiaca. Macroscopically, it differs by an orange-brown to dark brown pileus surface. The stability of the observed differences in spores, being slightly smaller and thick-walled in H. rufa, has to be confirmed using a larger set of collections. A brief comparison with dark-coloured taxa of the group of H. aurantiaca is added. Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca var. atrotomentosa most probably represents a synonym, but its nomenclatural status has to be clarified.
HOLEC J., KŘÍŽ M. (2012): Tricholoma borgsjoeënse found in the Czech Republic and Tricholoma luridum documented in Slovakia. [Fungi, Agaricales, taxonomy, ecology, distribution] Czech Mycology 64(2): 223-232 (published: 7th December, 2012)
abstract
For the first time, the rare species Tricholoma borgsjoeënse and T. luridum are reported from the Czech Republic and Slovakia, respectively. Tricholoma borgsjoeënse, a species of the T. terreum group, is unique for its thick, distant and grey lamellae with a lilaceous tinge, dark grey pileus with a tomentose-squamulose surface, yellowing stipe base, and unusually large basidiospores and basidia. It was found in a man-made forest composed of Picea abies with admixed Pinus sylvestris. Tricholoma luridum, recognisable by its olive yellow-green tinges on the pileus, distinctly grey lamellae, uniformly ellipsoid, unusually large spores, and 4-spored basidia, was found in a Picea abies–Corylus avellana forest on calcareous soil. It is compared with T. guldeniae, its North European sibling. Notes on taxonomy, ecology and distribution of both species are added.
HOLEC J. (2012): Tricholomopsis osiliensis (Basidiomycota, Agaricales), recently described from Estonia, found in Slovakia. [fungi, taxonomy, Central Europe, natural forests] Czech Mycology 64(1): 93-100 (published: 2nd July, 2012)
abstract
Tricholomopsis osiliensis is a rare, recently described species, known from two Estonian islands in the Baltic Sea. In 2009 it was also found in Dobročský prales virgin forest in Slovakia. Macro– and microcharacters of this collection are presented in detail. The Slovak collection has brighter colours, a more distinctly fibrillose pileus surface, larger and more elongated spores, larger basidia, and more abundant pleurocystidia than the holotype collection. However, a DNA study showed that the Estonian and Slovak collections form a well-supported, not very variable clade. In the light of this finding some differences in macro– and microcharacters are better understood. The darker colours and more pronounced fibrils on the pileus and stipe surface can be attributed to the earlier stage of drying up and ageing of the Slovak fruitbodies. The species has a broader range of spore sizes than was thought before. Its preferable habitats are natural mixed forests, where the fruitbodies appear on fallen trunks of conifers (Picea, Abies).
HOLEC J., WILD J. (2011): Fungal diversity in sandstone gorges of the Bohemian Switzerland National Park (Czech Republic): impact of climatic inversion. [macromycetes, ecology, microclimate, boreal-montane fungi] Czech Mycology 63(2): 243-263 (published: 10th August, 2011)
abstract
The diversity of macrofungi in 8 sandstone gorges (narrow valleys bordered by sandstone walls, mostly covered by Picea forests with admixed Fagus, alt. 170–390 m) was assessed with respect to microclimatic data from 235 stations measuring temperature and soil moisture along the elevation gradient. In total, 253 species of macrofungi were found including some boreal-montane species, species preferring moist habitats and/or species of more or less natural vegetation. Microclimatically, the bottoms of gorges are significantly colder than their slopes and slope crests during the vegetation period (climatic inversion) and show higher soil moisture throughout the year. However, they are not significantly colder during the winter period and even show a higher average minimal temperature than the rest of gorges. Generally, bottoms of sandstone gorges function as „buffers“ maintaining a stable, humid and rather cold microclimate and enabling the occurrence of some boreal-montane fungi and species requiring humid conditions. Climatic inversion is a phenomenon markedly influencing the distribution of fungi in the landscape and enabling extrazonal occurrence of some species.
ANTONÍN V., BERAN M., BOROVIČKA J., DVOŘÁK D., HOLEC J. (2011): Clitocybula familia (Fungi, Agaricales) - taxonomy, distribution, ecology and first records in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. [var. familia, var. compressa, DNA studies, Europe, North America, old-growth forests, bioindication] Czech Mycology 63(1): 1-11 (published: 10th August, 2011)
abstract
The first records of Clitocybula familia from the Czech and Slovak Republics were studied and compared with the type specimen of C. familia var. compressa and several North-American collections of var. familia using macro– and microscopic characters as well as molecular data (LSU rDNA).All the collections were identical. Therefore, there is no need to recognise var. familia and var.compressa, as they represent the same taxon. Detailed macro– and microscopic descriptions are given.In Europe, the species grows on strongly decayed fallen trunks of Abies alba and Picea abies. All four Central-European localities represent valuable old-growth forests. Therefore, this species may be a bioindicator of such environments.
HOLEC J., LANDA J., KŘÍŽ M., DANEŠ P. (2013): Index to fungal genera and species published in Czech Mycology, formerly Česká Mykologie, Volumes 1-64. Czech Mycology 62(2): 103-384 (published: 19th April, 2013)
HOLEC J. (2009): Unusual occurrence of Phellinus nigrolimitatus in man-influenced habitats at low altitudes in the České Švýcarsko National Park, Czech Republic. [fungi, polypores, Hymenochaetaceae, ecology, distribution, Central Europe] Czech Mycology 61(1): 13-26 (published: 29th September, 2009)
abstract
In the Czech Republic, Phellinus nigrolimitatus mostly occurs in the montane and supramontane, less frequently submontane old-growth forests. However, in the České Švýcarsko (Bohemian Switzerland) National Park (N Bohemia), it grows at altitudes of 180–270 m, namely in the Kamenice river canyon (deep valley in sandstone rocks) and its side gorges. In 2008 the species was observed there at 18 microlocalities distributed over 4 localities, growing on rather thin dead trunks of Picea abies, both naturally fallen and felled, sometimes even machined ones (used for stabilising forest paths). The habitats comprise both near-natural mixed stands and man-influenced to man-made Picea forests, Picea copses and small open places within Picea stands. Consequently, the generally accepted value of P.nigrolimitatus being a bioindicator of natural habitats decreases somewhat. The most important factors enabling the local occurrence of P. nigrolimitatus are the relatively cold and humid microclimate at the bottom of the canyon (climatic inversion) and the continuous Picea occurrence at this site.
ANTONÍN V., BERAN M., DVOŘÁK D., HOLEC J. (2009): First records of Callistosporium pinicola in the Czech Republic and new findings on its ecology. [Callistosporium pinicola, taxonomy, distribution, bioindication, Ukraine] Czech Mycology 61(1): 1-12 (published: 29th September, 2009)
abstract
Callistosporium pinicola has been collected at ten localities in the Czech Republic. They represent the first records in this country. Three finds from Ukraine are published as well. Detailed macro– and microscopic descriptions of the species are provided. C. pinicola grows on strongly decayed fallen trunks of Abies alba and Picea abies, however, it has once also been found on a frondose tree. Its preference for old-growth forests with spruce and fir in the Czech Republic is discussed, including its possible usage as a local bioindicator of such forests. It is very interesting that all collections of C. pinicola in the Czech Republic are recent (collected in the period 2004–2008). It suggests that the species is spreading for unknown reasons. In Europe, C. pinicola usually occurs in localities fulfilling two conditions: a humid climate and strongly decayed wood.
HOLEC J. (2008): Ecology of the rare fungus Hydropus atramentosus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in the Czech Republic and its potential value as a bioindicator of old-growth forests. [Tricholomataceae, Europe, distribution, virgin (primeval) forests, natural forests, near-natural forests] Czech Mycology 60(1): 125-136 (published: 4th July, 2008)
abstract
Hydropus atramentosus is a rare lignicolous fungus included in the Red Book and Red List of the Czech Republic and in red lists of 5 other European countries. To date, it has been recorded at 15 localities in the Czech Republic. Most of them are almost pure Fagus forests with rare presence of Picea and/or Abies at lower altitudes or mixed submontane or montane forests composed predominantly of Fagus, Abies and Picea. There is also one record from a man-made Picea forest. H. atramentosus was mostly found at slopes of mountains or hills but also in deep stream valleys in the hilly country. The fungus shows a clear preference for old-growth forests (mostly nature reserves). However, it is rarely found in man-influenced or even man-made stands. Consequently, H. atramentosus cannot be considered a relict species confined exclusively to true virgin forests almost untouched by man but can be used as a bioindicator of conservationally valuable stands (natural vegetation, presence of dead wood of Abies or Picea, stable meso– and microclimate). This conclusion was verified also in the Slovakia and Ukrainian Eastern Carpathians.
HOLEC J., BERAN M. (2007): Distribution, ecology and fructification of a rare ascomycete, Pseudorhizina sphaerospora, in the Czech Republic and its habitats in Europe. [natural forests, virgin (primaeval) forests, man-made habitats, cold climate, mountains] Czech Mycology 59(1): 51-66 (published: 28th June, 2007)
abstract
Pseudorhizina sphaerospora (Ascomycota, Pezizales, Discinaceae) belongs to the rarest fungi of the Czech Republic (CR). At each of the three known localities its occurrence is quite different in character. There is a historical locality where the species was observed only once a long time ago (Plešný = Plechý Mts.), a locality with continuous occurrence for more than 80 years (Boubínský prales virgin forest) and a new locality, where the fungus was found in 2005 (Žofínský prales virgin forest). All records of P. sphaerospora in the CR originate exclusively from montane virgin forests representing rare remnants of natural vegetation almost untouched by man. However, in Nordic countries, Switzerland, Germany and Slovakia the species is known from man-made or man-influenced habitats. It seems that P. sphaerospora does not prefer natural forests but either cold and humid climatic conditions or dead wood with a stable high water content. Such conditions are met in Nordic countries, in high mountains, in virgin forests with a stable humid mesoclimate and in dead conifer woods supplied by water from streams, etc.
HOLEC J. (2005): Distribution and ecology of Camarops tubulina (Ascomycetes, Boliniaceae) in the Czech Republic and remarks on its European distribution. [fungi, pyrenomycetes, Camarops tubulina, natural forests, virgin forests, bioindicator] Czech Mycology 57(1-2): 97-115 (published: 31st August, 2005)
abstract
Camarops tubulina is a remarkable pyrenomycete included in the Red Book and protected by law in the Czech Republic. Until 1995, 8 localities were known. Due to intensive searching in the period 1996 - spring 2005, the species is currently known from 66 localities (94finds). Its stromata mostly occur on old, fallen, decaying trunks of Picea and Abies, rarely of Fagus, especially in virgin forests or minimally influenced natural forests, but rarely also on old, decaying trunks lying in man-made forests. Most frequent habitats are submontane herb-rich beech forests with a dmixture of Abies and Picea, mixed mountainous forests composed of Fagus, Picea and Abies, natural spruce forests of the supramontane belt and bog spruce forests surrounding mountain peat bogs. The species also occurs in lowlands, but at sites with climatic inversion such as stream valleys, small canyons and gorges. An analysis of its habitats showed that the most important conditions necessary for its occurrence are the existence of more or less natural forest stands with presence of fallen, decaying trunks of Picea, Abies orFagus (or, rarely, presence of such trunks in man-made forests) and a stable, humid and cool microclimate, best ensured by a closed forest stand. From the point of view of nature conservation, Camaropstubulina is an important bioindicator of natural forest ecosystems. The Czech Republic represents the richest area of its occurrence in Europe, where the species is currently known from northern and central part. Distribution maps for the Czech Republic and Europe are provided.
HOLEC J. (2004): Distribution and ecology of the rare polypore Pycnoporellus fulgens in the Czech Republic. [lignicolous fungi, Polyporaceae, natural forests] Czech Mycology 56(3-4): 291-302 (published: 22nd December, 2004)
abstract
Until 1998, the rare polypore Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fungi, Basidiomycetes, Polyporaceae) was known in the Czech Republic from 5 localities situated in northeastern Moravia and Silesia. No records from Bohemia (westernpart of the Czech Republic) were known. At present, 11 localities from Bohemia and 6 from Moravia and Silesia are known, which means that the species has spreaded rapidly in Bohemia during the last 7 years. The fungus occurs almost exclusively on old decaying trunks in natural forests minimally influenced by man (mostly nature reserves) composed of Fagus, Abies and Picea. It was found mainly in August and September on Picea, less frequently on Fagus and Abies. Most records are situated in submontane and montane belts (alt.500-1000m), however, two finds are from areas with climatic inversion (deepstream valleys) in the hilly country. The reported finds from Bohemia fill the gap between the previously known distribution areas in southern Germany and in the Western Carpathians in Moravia, Silesia, Poland and Slovakia.They show that Pycnoporellus fulgens is currently well established in Central Europe.
HOLEC J., ANTONÍN V., GRACA M., MOREAU P.-A. (2003): Gymnopilus igniculus - find from the Czech Republic and notes on its variability. [fungi, Agaricales, Cortinariaceae, violet-coloured Gymnopilus, Europe, taxonomy, ecology, coal mine dumps] Czech Mycology 55(3-4): 161-172 (published: 22nd December, 2003)
abstract
Gymnopilus igniculus Deneyer, P.-A. Moreau et Wuilbaut (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae), a violet-coloured species described in 2002 from Belgium, was found in the city of Ostrava, part Radvanice, Czech Republic. The fruitbodies grew on decaying wood of Fraxinus in a unique habitat - a burning coal mine dump, the surface of which reached about 45'C. The most important characters of the fruitbodies are the purplish to vinaceous- or reddish-brown colour of the pileus covering which is tomentose-fibrillose when young and fibrillose-squamulose to distinctly scaly at maturity, they ellow pileus ground, the absence of any ring, the whitish membranaceous to fibrillose veil, the stipe distinctly longitudinally purplish brown fibrillose on the dirty white or slightly violaceous ground, the context yellowish with reddish-violaceous tinge and fungoid smell, there latively large spores [8.0-9.5(-ll) X 6.0-6.8(-7.2) fim] with rough verrucose to verrucose-rugulose ornamentation, the variable shape of cheilocystidia and the absence of pleurocystidia. A detailed description of macro- and microcharacters, colour photographs of fresh fruitbodies and line drawings are provided. Some characters deviating from the Belgian collections are discussed and remarks on other European finds of Gymnopilus with violet colours are added.
HOLEC J., SUKOVÁ M. (2002): Notes on the taxonomy of Cordyceps longisegmentis based on collections from the Czech Republic. [fungi, Ascomycetes, Cordyceps, taxonomy, ecology, distribution, Bohemian Forest] Czech Mycology 54(1-2): 105-111 (published: 3rd October, 2002)
abstract
Fresh and herbarium material of the rare species Cordyceps longisegmentis (Ascomycetes, Clavicipitaceae) from the Czech Republic is thoroughly described and discussed. Fresh stromata were found in relict pine woods in the Bohemian Forest. Revision of the herbarium material from PRM showed that most collections labelled as Cordyceps capitata are in fact Cordyceps longisegmentis. In the collections studied the length of ascospore parts was constantly smaller than in the North American material. Other European mycologists have also observed this fact. Consequently, the European and American populations could be slightly different. Differences between the related species C. longisegmentis and C. capitata are discussed.
HOLEC J. (2001): Remarks to the taxonomy of Gymnopilus josserandii based on records from Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic). [basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Cortinariaceae, Gymnopilus josserandii, Gymnopilus subsphaerosporus, taxonomy, Czech Republic] Czech Mycology 53(2): 133-139 (published: 20th February, 2002)
abstract
Two records of the rare species Gymnopilus josserandii (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae) from the Bohemian Forest are thoroughly described and discussed. Line drawings of microcharacters, a colour photograph of fresh fruitbodies and a distribution map of G. josserandii in the Czech Republic are provided. The species is better known under the invalid name G. subsphaerosporus. A detailed comparison of its characters with those of the American species G. subbellulus has H shown that the name G. subbellulus represents an other species differing above all in the presence of pleurocystidia. Gymnopilus josserandii seems to prefer strongly decayed wood of conifers in natural or semi-natural forests. At present, five localities are known in the Czech Republic.
HOLEC J. (2000): The taxonomy of Pholiota fusus - a critical evaluation. [Fungi, basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Agaricus fusus, Pholiota, Hypholoma, taxonomy] Czech Mycology 52(3): 243-251 (published: 7th December, 2000)
abstract
Pholiota fusus (Batsch) Singer based on Agaricus fusxis Batsch is included in most floras of the 19th century and appears in some works of the 20th century. Recent records documented by herbarium material were published by Bon, Tjallingii-Beukers and Noordeloos. A careful revision of these collections showed that they most probably represent an aberrant robust for m of Hypholoma sublateritium. The original Agaricus fusus Batsch is hard to interpret. The species probably does not belong to Pholiota or not even to brown-spored fungi. Later interpretations of Pholiota fusus are dubious and cannot be verified due to the lack of any herbarium material. The concept of Pholiota fusus used by some authors of the 20th century follows that of Ricken. However, Flammula fusa sensu Ricken is probably a non-existing entity based on a mixture of characters taken from various spccies. There is no reliable evidence that a separate species of Pholiota corresponding to Batsch’s original description or various later interpretations really exists. Consequently, the name Pholiota fusus must be considered a nomen dubium and should be rejected.
HOLEC J. (2000): A revision of new species of Pholiota and Flammula (Fungi, Agaricales) described by Josef Velenovský. [fungi, Agaricales, Pholiota, Flammula, taxonomy, type study, synonyms, Cortinarius, Bolbitiaceae, Flammulaster, Galerina, Kuehneromyces, Pholiotina, Tricholomopsis] Czech Mycology 52(1): 17-39 (published: 21st January, 2000)
abstract
New species of Pholiota and Flammula described by Josef Velenovský, an important Czech mycologist, have been studied using the type specimens, original material and descriptions. All 16 taxa published by Velenovský have been revised: Pholiota decurrens, P.fallax, P. mammilata, P. maximovici, P. mucosa, P. nigrosetosa, P. pseudohypholoma, P. rigelliae, P. rostrata, P. salicina, P. sulphurea, Flammula granulosa, F. pholiotiformis, F. picea, F. squamulosa and F. vacini. The revision showed that most of them do not belong to the genus Pholiota in the modern sense and in fact represent species of the genera Cortinarius, Flammulaster, Galerina, Kuehneromyces, Pholiotina and Tricholomopsis. Of this group, six species are identical with earlier described taxa (Cortinarius bolaris, Flammulaster limulatus, Galerina triscopa, G. unicolor, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Tricholomopsis rutilans) and the other are considered either insufficiently documented dubious species or should be studied by specialists of the aforementioned genera. All of Velenovský’s new species belonging to Pholiota in the present sense are identical with earlier described species: Pholiota albocrenulata, P. alnicola, P. flammans and P. gummosa. Consequently, no species of Pholiota s. str. described by Velenovský can be considered a “good” new species.
HOLEC J. (1998): The taxonomy of Pholiota aurivella and Pholiota adiposa - a return to Batsch and Fries. [Agaricales, Pholiota aurivella, Pholiota adiposa, Pholiota cerifera, taxonomy, new delimitation, neotypification] Czech Mycology 50(3): 201-221 (published: 16th May, 1998)
abstract
The paper presents a new opinion on the delimitation of Pholiota aurivella and Pholiota adiposa, which, however, correspondsto originaldescriptions of BatschandFries.Theconclusions are based on careful studies of fresh as well as herbarium material from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Sweden, Finland and Austria. The true Pholiota aurivella (Batsch: Fr.) P. Kumm. proved to be a species growing on Salix and having a subviscid to dry and mat pileus surface, thick dark scales, predominantly clavate cheilocystidia, spores with a broad germ pore and abundant chrysocystidia. The true Pholiota adiposa (Batsch: Fr.) P. Kumm. is a fungus occurring on Fagus and many other deciduous trees, occasionally also on conifers, and has a strongly glutinous, lustrous pileus with thin scales, cheilocystidia of a different shape, spores with a narrower germ pore and rare chrysocystidia. A new neotype is being designated here for Pholiota aurivella instead of the neotype chosen by Jacobsson which proved to be in conflict with Fries’ protologue. Revision of the holotype of Pholiota cerifera (P. Karst.) P. Karst, showed that this species is identical with Pholiota aurivella.
HOLEC J. (1997): First records of Pholiota subochracea and Pholiota elegans in the Czech Republic. [Pholiota subochracea, Pholiota elegans, Czech Republic, first records, taxonomy, ecology, distribution] Czech Mycology 50(1): 45-56 (published: 29th September, 1997)
abstract
The rare species Pholiota subochracea (= P. nematolomoides) was found on three localities in south Bohemia (Šumava Mts. and Novohradské hory Mts.) in the year 1995. These records represent the first data on its occurrence in the Czech Republic. The recently described species Pholiota elegans Jacobsson 1990 was found in south Bohemia (Šumava Mts., Spáleniště hill) in the year 1996. It is the first record of this fungus outside the Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, Finland). Thorough descriptions of macro- and microcharacters based on the author’s own collections are given together with drawings of important microcharacters, colour photographs and a discussion on ecology, distribution and taxonomy of both species.
HOLEC J. (1996): What is in fact Nemecomyces mongolicus Pilát? [Nemecomyces mongolicus, revision, taxonomy, Pholiota populnea, subg. Hemipholiota, Agaricales] Czech Mycology 48(4): 283-294 (published: 14th March, 1996)
abstract
Revision of the type material of Nemecomyces mongolicus Pilát 1933 (Ann. Mycol. 31: 54-55) has showed that this fungus is identical with Pholiota populnea (Pers.: Fr.) Kuyp. et Tjall., as suggested earlier by F. Kotlaba and Z. Pouzar in 1963. This fact is demonstrated by the agreement of macro- and microcharacters of these two species. Problematic characters as habitus of the fruitbodies, presence or absence of cheilocystidia and terrestrial growth of Nemecomyces mongolicus are discussed together with the possibility of occurrence of Pholiota populnea in northwestern Mongolia. This analysis confirmed conspecificity of N. mongolicus and Pholiota populnea too. The author prefers to include P. populnea and the closely related species P. heteroclita and P. comosa into the subgenus Hemipholiota Sing. ex Sing. because this position corresponds well to the real situation in the genus Pholiota s.l. This solution also prevents undesirable new combinations because when treated as members of a separate genus, the all aforementioned species should be transferred to Nemecomyces Pilát 1933. This name is older than the recently published generic name Hemipholiota (Sing.) Romagn. ex Bon 1986.
HOLEC J. (1994): The ultrastructure of the spore wall and ornamentation in the Xerocomus group of Boletus. [Xerocomus, Boletus, Strobilomyces, ultrastructure, transmission electron microscope, spore wall, ornamentation, taxonomy] Czech Mycology 47(3): 173-184 (published: 17th June, 1994)
abstract
The spore wall of five selected species of the Xerocomus group of Boletus was studied with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The wall is composed of five layers in all the species studied: a very thin electron-dense outer layer 1 (ectosporium), a moderately electron-dense layer 2 (perisporium), a thick and amorphous electron-dense middle layer 3a (exosporium) that passes gradually into a thinner, granular or granular-fibrillar and moderately electron-dense layer *3b (episporium), and an almost electron-transparent layer 4 (endosporium). A smooth spore surface was found in Boletus pulverulentus and B. chrysenteron. A striate exosporium covered by the ectosporium and the perisporium was found in B. pruinatus, rough warts originating from a disrupted perisporium and ectosporium in B. parasiticus, and very fine warts composed of outgrowths of the ectosporium and part of the perisporium in B. subtomentosus. A species of an other group of the Boletales with conspicuous ornamentation (Strobilomyces strobilaceus) was examined as comparative material. The results of this TEM study are compared with SEM photographs of the spores of Xerocomus published by other authors, and methodologicalproblems with the examination of spore wall ornamentation are discussed. The data revealed confirm the high value of spore wall architecture and ornamentation in the taxonomy of this genus. The separation of B. parasiticus in a new genus Pseudoboletus Sutara is supported by its spore wall ornamentation that is unique in the Boletaceae.
HOLEC J. (1993): Ecology of macrofungi in the beech woods of the Šumava mountains and Šumava foothills. Česká Mykologie 46(3-4): 163-202 (published: 25th August, 1993)
abstract
The fungi of the order Agaricales s. l. and several families of ungilled fungi and gasteromycetes were studied in the beech woods of the southeastern part of the Sumava mountains and Sumava foothills (Czechoslovakia). Altogether, 230 species were recorded on 8 permanent plots (50 x 50 m) during the years 1988 - 1990. The terrestrial fungi were closely associated with a particular layer of the surface humus and substrate, and the lignicolous fungi were associated with wood in various stages of decay. The occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi was influenced above all by the mycorrhizal partner, altitude, and climate. The species composition, number of mycorrhizal and terrestrial species on the individual plots, and their share were determined by the humus type, microrelief, and the thickness of the detritus layer. The occurrence of lignicolous fungi was in close relation to the degree of naturalness of the wood, substrate diversity of the plot and the mesoclimate. The results are summarized in the mycosociological tables and compared by the use of cluster analysis and diagrams.
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